You need both - an identity and data. Without any of them the node is lost.
If you cannot recover storagenode’s data from this HDD, then this node and held amount are lost.
Regarding current undistributed amount - it will be paid if it would be greater than a fee on Ethereum in 4 times, or if you opted-in for zkSync or Polygon.
So, if you consider to opt-in you need your identity, change the config to opt-in and bring it online to check-in on the satellites to inform them about your decision. Since data is lost this identity will be started without data. As soon as this node would be online, you change will be sent to the satellites.
So, you can use a new HDD, but to start from scratch - generate a new identity, sign with a new authorization token and start with clean storage. The old node without data cannot be recovered.
To help with HDD - you may try to get it out from enclosure and connect as an internal SATA disk to your PC and try to recover data from it. Maybe the problem is enclosure and burned USB controller.